NPV for PMS: Essential Valuation Methods for Portfolio Management Services
TL;DR We use net present value (NPV) to weigh our options by turning future cash flows into today’s dollars. NPV, payback months, and…
Trade-off Memos: Strategic Decision-Making Tools for Executive Leadership
TL;DR A trade-off memo is a one-page ADR that compares two to four options quickly. We tie each memo to an Objective/KR, decision rule,…
TCO in Plain English The Costs Product Teams Forget: Hidden Expenses That Impact Your Bottom Line
TL;DR We calculate total cost of ownership (TCO) by adding build, operate, and maintain costs, plus integration risk and opportunity cost. We…